Magyar Református Egyház

CHAPTER XVII

Of The Catholic and Holy Church of God,
and of The One
Only Head of The Church

THE CHURCH HAS ALWAYS EXISTED AND IT WILL ALWAYS EXIST.
But because God from the beginning would have men to be saved, and to come to
the knowledge of the truth (I Tim. 2:4), it is altogether necessary that there
always should have been, and should be now, and to the end of the world, a
Church.

WHAT IS THE CHURCH? The Church is an assembly of the
faithful called or gathered out of the world; a communion, I say, of all saints,
namely, of those who truly know and rightly worship and serve the true God in
Christ the Savior, by the Word and holy Spirit, and who by faith are partakers
of all benefits which are freely offered through Christ.

CITIZENS OF ONE COMMONWEALTH. They are all citizens of the
one city, living under the same Lord, under the same laws and in the same
fellowship of all good things. For the apostle calls them “fellow citizens
with the saints and members of the household of God” (Eph. 2:19), calling
the faithful on earth saints (I Cor. 4:1), who are sanctified by the blood of
the Son of God. The article of the Creed, “I believe in the holy catholic
Church, the communion of saints,” is to be understood wholly as concerning
these saints.

ONLY ONE CHURCH FOR ALL TIMES. And since there is always
but one God, and there is one mediator between God and men, Jesus the Messiah,
and one Shepherd of the whole flock, one Head of this body, and, to conclude,
one Spirit, one salvation, one faith, one Testament or covenant, it necessarily
follows that there is only one Church.

THE CATHOLIC CHURCH. We, therefore, call this Church
catholic because it is universal, scattered through all parts of the world, and
extended unto all times, and is not limited to any times or places. Therefore,
we condemn the Donatists who confined the Church to I know not what corners of
Africa. Nor do we approve of the Roman clergy who have recently passed off only
the Roman Church as catholic.

PARTS OR FORMS OF THE CHURCH. The Church is divided into
different parts or forms; not because it is divided or rent asunder in itself,
but rather because it is distinguished by the diversity of the numbers that are
in it.

MILITANT AND TRIUMPHANT. For the one is called the Church
Militant, the other the Church Triumphant. The former still wages war on earth,
and fights against the flesh, the world, and the prince of this world, the
devil; against sin and death. But the latter, having been now discharged,
triumphs in heaven immediately after having overcome all those things and
rejoices before the Lord. Notwithstanding both have fellowship and union one
with another.

THE PARTICULAR CHURCH. Moreover, the Church Militant upon
the earth has always had many particular churches. yet all these are to be
referred to the unity of the catholic Church. This [Militant] Church was set up
differently before the Law among the patriarchs; otherwise under Moses by the
Law; and differently by Christ through the Gospel.

THE TWO PEOPLES. Generally two peoples are usually
counted, namely, the Israelites and Gentiles, or those who have been gathered
from among Jews and Gentiles into the Church. There are also two Testaments,
the Old and the New.

THE SAME CHURCH FOR THE OLD AND THE NEW PEOPLE. Yet from
all these people there was and is one fellowship, one salvation in the one
Messiah; in whom, as members of one body under one Head, all united together in
the same faith, partaking also of the same spiritual food and drink. Yet here
we acknowledge a diversity of times, and a diversity in the signs of the
promised and delivered Christ; and that now the ceremonies being abolished, the
light shines unto us more clearly, and blessings are given to us more
abundantly, and a fuller liberty.

THE CHURCH THE TEMPLE OF THE LIVING GOD. This holy Church
of God is called the temple of the living God, built of living and spiritual
stones and founded upon a firm rock, upon a foundation which no other can lay,
and therefore it is called “the pillar and bulwark of the truth” (I
Tim. 3:15).

THE CHURCH DOES NOT ERR. It does not err as long as it
rests upon the rock Christ, and upon the foundation of the prophets and
apostles. And it is no wonder if it errs, as often as it deserts him who alone
is the truth.

THE CHURCH AS BRIDE AND VIRGIN. This Church is also
called a virgin and the Bride of Christ, and even the only Beloved. For the
apostle says: “I betrothed you to Christ to present you as a pure bride to
Christ” (II Cor. 11:2).

THE CHURCH AS A FLOCK OF SHEEP. The Church is called a
flock of sheep under the one shepherd, Christ, according to Ezek., ch. 34, and
John, ch. 10.

THE CHURCH AS THE BODY. It is also called the body of
Christ because the faithful are living members of Christ under Christ the Head.

CHRIST THE SOLE HEAD OF THE CHURCH. It is the head which
has the preeminence in the body, and from it the whole body receives life; by
its spirit the body is governed in all things; from it, also, the body receives
increase, that it may grow up. Also, there is one head of the body, and it is
suited to the body. Therefore the Church cannot have any other head besides
Christ. For as the Church is a spiritual body, so it must also have a
spiritual head in harmony with itself. Neither can it be governed by any other
spirit than by the Spirit of Christ. Wherefore Paul says: “He is the head
of the body, the church; he is the beginning, the firstborn from the dead, that
in everything he might be preeminent” (Col. 1:18). And in another place:
“Christ is the head of the church, his body, and is himself its Savior”

(Eph. 5:23). And again: he is “the head over all things for the church,
which is his body, the fulness of him who fills all in all” (Eph. 1:22
f.). Also: “We are to grow up in every way into him who is the head, into
Christ, from whom the whole body, joined and knit together, makes bodily growth”
(Eph. 4:15 f.). And therefore we do not approve of the doctrine of the Roman
clergy, who make their Pope at Rome the universal shepherd and supreme head of
the Church Militant here on earth, and so the very vicar of Jesus Christ, who
has (as they say) all fulness of power and sovereign authority in the Church.

CHRIST THE ONLY PASTOR OF THE CHURCH. For we teach that
Christ the Lord is, and remains the only universal pastor, and highest Pontiff
before God the Father; and that in the Church he himself performs all the duties
of a bishop or pastor, even to the world’s end; [Vicar] and therefore
does not need a substitute for one who is absent. For Christ is present with
his Church, and is its life-giving Head.

NO PRIMACY IN THE CHURCH. He has strictly forbidden his
apostles and their successors to have any primacy and dominion in the Church.
Who does not see, therefore, that whoever contradicts and opposes this plain
truth is rather to be counted among the number of those of whom Christ’s
apostles prophesied: Peter in II Peter, ch. 2, and Paul in Acts 20:2; II Cor.
11:2; II Thess., ch.2, and also in other places?

NO DISORDER IN THE CHURCH. However, by doing away with a
Roman head we do not bring any confusion or disorder into the Church, since we
teach that the government of the Church which the apostles handed down is
sufficient to keep the Church in proper order, the Church was not disordered or
in confusion. The Roman head does indeed preserve his tyranny and the
corruption that has been brought into the Church, and meanwhile he hinders,
resists, and with all the strength he can muster cuts off the proper reformation
of the Church.

DISSENSIONS AND STRIFE IN THE CHURCH. We are reproached
because there have been manifold dissensions and strife in our churches since
they separated themselves from the Church of Rome, and therefore cannot be true
churches. As though there were never in the Church of Rome any sects, nor
contentions and quarrels concerning religion, and indeed, carried on not so much
in the schools as from pulpits in the midst of the people. We know, to be sure,
that the apostle said: “God is not a God of confusion but of peace” (I
Cor. 14:33), and, “While there is jealousy and strife among you, are you
not of the flesh?” Yet we cannot deny that God was in the apostolic Church
and that it was a true Church, even though there were wranglings and dissensions
in it. The apostle Paul reprehended Peter, an apostle (Gal. 2:11 ff.), and
Barnabas dissented from Paul. Great contention arose in the Church of Antioch
between them that preached the one Christ, as Luke records in The Acts of the
Apostles, ch. 15. And there have at all times been great contentions in the
Church, and the most excellent teachers of the Church have differed among
themselves about important matters without meanwhile the Church ceasing to be
the Church because of these contentions. For thus it pleases God to use the
dissensions that arise in the Church to the glory of his name, to illustrate the
truth, and in order that those who are in the right might be manifest (I Cor.
11:19).

OF THE NOTES OR SIGNS OF THE TRUE CHURCH. Moreover, as we
acknowledge no other head of the Church than Christ, so we do not acknowledge
every church to be the true Church which vaunts herself to be such; but we teach
that the true Church is that in which the signs or marks of the true Church are
to be found, especially the lawful and sincere preaching of the Word of God as
it was delivered to us in the books of the prophets and the apostles, which all
lead us unto Christ, who said in the Gospel: “My sheep hear me voice, and
I know them, and they follow me; and I give unto them eternal life. A stranger
they do not follow, but they flee from him, for they do not know the voice of
strangers” (John 10:5, 27, 28).

And those who are such in the Church have one faith and one
spirit; and therefore they worship but one God, and him alone they worship in
spirit and in truth, loving him alone with all their hearts and with all their
strength, praying unto him alone through Jesus Christ, the only Mediator and
Intercessor; and they do not seek righteousness and life outside Christ and
faith in him. Because they acknowledge Christ the only head and foundation of
the Church, and, resting on him, daily renew themselves by repentance, and
patiently bear the cross laid upon them. Moreover, joined together with all the
members of Christ by an unfeigned love, they show that they are Christ’s
disciples by persevering in the bond of peace and holy unity. At the same time
they participate in the sacraments instituted by Christ, and delivered unto us
by his apostles, using them in no other way than as they received them from the
Lord. That saying of the apostle Paul is well known to all: “I received
from the Lord what I also delivered to you” (I Cor. 11:23 ff.).
Accordingly, we condemn all such churches as strangers from the true Church of
Christ, which are not such as we have heard they ought to be, no matter how much
they brag of a succession of bishops, of unity, and of antiquity. Moreover, we
have a charge from the apostles of Christ “ti shun the worship of idols”
(I Cor. 10:14; I John 5:21), and “to come out of Babylon,” and to
have no fellowship with her, unless we want to be partakers with her of all
God’s plagues (Rev. 18:4; II Cor. 6:17).

OUTSIDE THE CHURCH OF GOD THERE IS NO SALVATION. But we
esteem fellowship with the true Church of Christ so highly that we deny that
those can live before God who do not stand in fellowship with the true Church of
God, but separate themselves from it. For as there was no salvation outside
Noah’s ark when the world perished in flood; so we believe that there is no
certain salvation outside Christ, who offers himself to be enjoyed by the elect
in the Church; and hence we teach that those who wish to live ought not to be
separated from the true Church of Christ.

THE CHURCH IS NOT BOUND TO ITS SIGNS. Nevertheless, by the
signs [of the true Church] mentioned above, we do not so narrowly restrict the
Church as to teach that all those are outside the Church who either do not
participate in the sacraments, at least not willingly and through contempt, but
rather, being forced by necessity, unwillingly abstain from them or are deprived
of them; or in whom faith sometimes fails, though it is not entirely
extinguished and does not wholly cease; or in whom imperfections and errors due
to weakness are found. For we know that God had some friends in the world
outside the commonwealth of Israel. We know what befell the people of God in
the captivity of Babylon, where they were deprived of their sacrifices for
seventy years. We know what happened to St. Peter, who denied his Master, and
what is wont to happen daily to God’s elect and faithful people who go astray
and are weak. We know, moreover, what kind of churches the churches in Galatia
and Corinth were in the apostles’ time, in which the apostle found fault with
many serious offenses; yet he calls them holy churches of Christ (I Cor. 1:2;
Gal. 1:2).

THE CHURCH APPEARS AT TIMES TO BE EXTINCT. Yes, and it
sometimes happens that God in his just judgment allows the truth of his Word,
and the catholic faith, and the proper worship of God to be so obscured and
overthrown that the Church seems almost extinct, and no more to exist, as we see
to have happened in the days of Elijah (I Kings 19:10, 14), and at other times.
Meanwhile God has in this world and in this darkness his true worshippers, and
those not a few, but even seven thousand and more (I Kings 19:18; Rev. 7:3 ff.).
For the apostle exclaims: “God’s firm foundation stands, bearing this
seal, `The Lord knows those who are his,’ ” etc. (II Tim. 2:19). Whence
the Church of God may be termed invisible; not because the men from whom the
Church is gathered are invisible, but because, being hidden from our eyes and
known only to God, it often secretly escapes human judgment.

NOT ALL WHO ARE IN THE CHURCH ARE OF THE CHURCH. Again,
not all that are reckoned in the number of the Church are saints, and living and
true members of the Church. For there are many hypocrites, who outwardly hear
the Word of God, and publicly receive the sacraments, and seem to pray to God
through Christ alone, to confess Christ to be their only righteousness, and to
worship God, and to exercise the duties of charity, and for a time to endure
with patience in misfortune. And yet they are inwardly destitute of true
illumination of the Spirit, of faith and sincerity of heart, and of perseverance
to the end. But eventually the character of these men, for the most part, will
be disclosed. For the apostle John says: “They went out from us, but they
were not of us; for if they had been of us, they would indeed have continued
with us” (I John 2:19). And although while they simulate piety they are
not of the Church, yet they are considered to be in the Church, just as traitors
in a state are numbered among its citizens before they are discovered; and as
the tares or darnel and chaff are found among the wheat, and as swellings and
tumors are found in a sound body, And therefore the Church of God is rightly
compared to a net which catches fish of all kinds, and to a field, in which both
wheat and tares are found (Matt. 13:24 ff., 47 ff.).

WE MUST NOT JUDGE RASHLY OR PREMATURELY. Hence we must be
very careful not to judge before the time, nor undertake to exclude, reject or
cut off those whom the Lord does not want to have excluded or rejected, and
those whom we cannot eliminate without loss to the Church. On the other hand,
we must be vigilant lest while the pious snore the wicked gain ground and do
harm to the Church.

THE UNITY OF THE CHURCH IS NOT IN EXTERNAL RITES.
Furthermore, we diligently teach that care is to be taken wherein the truth and
unity of the Church chiefly lies, lest we rashly provoke and foster schisms in
the Church. Unity consists not in outward rites and ceremonies, but rather in
the truth and unity of the catholic faith. The catholic faith is not given to
us by human laws, but by Holy Scriptures, of which the Apostles’ Creed is a
compendium. And, therefore, we read in the ancient writers that there was a
manifold diversity of rites, but that they were free, and no one ever thought
that the unity of the Church was thereby dissolved. So we teach that the true
harmony of the Church consists in doctrines and in the true and harmonious
preaching of the Gospel of Christ, and in rites that have been expressly
delivered by the Lord. And here we especially urge that saying of the apostle:
“Let those of us who are perfect have this mind; and if in any thing you
are otherwise minded, God will reveal that also to you. Nevertheless let us
walk by the same rule according to what we have attained, and let us be of the
same mind” (Phil. 3:15 f.).

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